Environmental / Green design

What is Environmental / Green design?

It is the ever growing awareness of the general society to look after their environment in which they live in as a whole.

People started to take notice of the environmental issue after WWII and it has increased in attention ever since. As time progressed people thought of more innovative ways of helping from Law enforcements against littering and educating children about the importance of a healthy planet by following the 3 R’s (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle).

From a design perspective a lot had changed from modernism, post modernism and contemporary. Back in the 60’s and 70’s materials were plentiful and discarding of the product after use wasn’t a problem this became a bigger problem later one when in the 80’s and 90’s we became dependant on quick easy to used disposable items for our day to day living, this is called  planned obsolescence.

Leyla Acaroglu – paper beats plastic? How to rethink environmental presentation

Leyla Acaroglu – paper beats plastic? How to rethink environmental presentation

 

These days we are greatly trying to reduce our carbon footprint on the world from every aspect of a products life. Products are using materials that are not a heavy burden on the environments to extract and process later as a raw material.

During the manufacturing process care and pride is being created by using low energy cost production methods that do not leave any or a few negative effects on the environment.

Even their destitution and transport is being monitored and more combined shipments on low emissions vehicles are being done on roads across the world.

We are all familiar now with energy efficiency ratings on products, when this system was introduced A was considered the best a product can get but trough research and testing better energy efficient products were created forcing the system to adopt A+,  A++ and A+++ to the list, this is only applicable on products that make use of main outlet electricity (240V in Europe).

Before industrialization and mass consumerism any resources available were used and used with minimal or no waste but with today’s throw away community all that used resource is being wasted in  landfills with a small portion of the products such as plastic are being completely recycled.

Green designers are now adopting a new way of looking at a products life from extraction to disposal by using a system called cradle to cradle design or product closed loop system.

Leyla Acaroglu – paper beats plastic? How to rethink environmental presentation

Leyla Acaroglu – paper beats plastic? How to rethink environmental presentation

 

This system would not for the majority of the production depends on the extraction of new materials but would make use of components broken down from older products. This means that products are made from concept to realization with how the product will be fully recycled in mind all the way trough development.

 

Compressed wood filings chair

Compressed wood filings chair

 

 

This chair is made from unwanted wood filings that have been compressed and glued together in a mould to create a chair much like chip board is done. The chair can be used like a regular chair with the soul advantage that it can be broken up into its key components and moulded into some other product without producing any waste to do so. This is what a closed loop systems are meant to do in society, produce no waste.

 

In my opinion we do not have a choice but to adopt these eco friendly ideals in order to prevent our planet from going into a runaway greenhouse effect that would spell the end of the human race as we know it. In addition having a clean environment in which to live in is crucial for a healthy well being. I admire and highly respect this contemporary style of design and one of my goals in life is to someday build an earth-ship that is fully self sustaining built using a form of architecture known as bio-architecture.

 

 

Bibliography:

Guy Julier, 1993. The Thames and Hudson Encyclopedia of 20th Century Design and Designers (World of Art). Edition. Thames & Hudson.
5 Coolest eco friendly chair designs | Green Diary – Green Revolution Guide by Dr Prem. 2015. 5 Coolest eco friendly chair designs | Green Diary – Green Revolution Guide by Dr Prem. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.greendiary.com/5-coolest-eco-friendly-chair-designs.html. [Accessed 18 February 2015].
eco friendly furniture manufacturers. 2015. eco friendly furniture manufacturers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://livinghomedesigns.com/the-kind-of-eco-friendly-furniture/eco-friendly-furniture-manufacturers/. [Accessed 18 February 2015].
Planned obsolescence – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Planned obsolescence – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence. [Accessed 18 February 2015].
Leyla Acaroglu: Paper beats plastic? How to rethink environmental folklore – YouTube. 2015. Leyla Acaroglu: Paper beats plastic? How to rethink environmental folklore – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2L4B-Vpvx1A&list=PLT9SNo7sZaLfsKJ-OkM-RR5am3qqyyrss. [Accessed 18 February 2015].

Modernism

Started from 1918 and ended in 1950.

Modernism although being classed as an artistic style it is more a methodology in which artists and designers thinks about their surroundings and get their inspirations from. Modernists wanted to change the war stricken society and create helpful designs that cater better to their needs. It is during this period that the notion that ‘form follows function’ was born. Modernism was applied to all forms of creative expression from design to music to even cooking, this is when dishes were being prepared for not just their taste but even their nutritional contents that were needed the consumer.
Modernism was the father of all the movements ending in ‘ism’ such as Cubism, constructivism, Dadaism and many more.  Modernist’s designers embraced the new materials that were improved extensively by WWI researchers. They build tubular steel furniture, glass and steel framed buildings and other uses of materials in products that were previously unconceivable.

Creating simplistic practical items was thought to help improve the general society. As one of the greatest Modernism designers once said “Less is more” by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

 

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

 

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe is most well know as being the last headmaster of the Bauhaus school of arts before settling in the United States. Mies van der Rohe had a love for cantilever design and designed a great number of cantilevering seating such as the stool and the picture he is seen in. As a participant knowingly or not of the modernist movement he sought to create things the consumer market has never seen before and that is exactly what he did. He had the right mind set to be a modernist which was that of a holistic view of the world, were they are able to pick out details most people don’t pick up on and develop them into innovative and simple work with a lot of thought behind them. ‘Less is more’ in its finest examples.

 

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe cantilever stool

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe cantilever stool

 

We still make use of the lessons learned from these periods in human development to this very day from the kitchen to the design board. In my opinion this collective period that is the modernists movement was a crucial one that developed and moulded the society we have today. I always keep in mind to keep an open mind when designing a product from concept to realization, the simplest of answerers can come from the most unexpected of sources.

 

 

Bibliography:

Guy Julier, 1993. The Thames and Hudson Encyclopedia of 20th Century Design and Designers (World of Art). Edition. Thames & Hudson.
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig: Furniture Design , 1910-1920 | The Red List. 2015. Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig: Furniture Design , 1910-1920 | The Red List. [ONLINE] Available at: http://theredlist.com/wiki-2-18-392-1335-1341-1343-view-german-bauhaus-1-profile-mies-van-der-rohe-ludwig-2.html. [Accessed 17 February 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.knoll.com/media/579/455/mies_featured400x700,0.jpg. [Accessed 17 February 2015].
Modernism: Design in a Nutshell (4/6) – YouTube. 2015. Modernism: Design in a Nutshell (4/6) – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDCEtnXlA4Y. [Accessed 17 February 2015].
BBC – Homes – Design – Arts and Crafts period styleArts and Crafts period styleModernism. 2015. BBC – Homes – Design – Arts and Crafts period styleArts and Crafts period styleModernism. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/design/period_modernism.shtml. [Accessed 17 February 2015].

Arts and Crafts movement

The arts and crafts movement wasn’t a new idea starting in 1863  but properly announced to the world in 1888 by a workers guild exhibition in London were all the participants called themselves the arts and crafts society which is where the movements gets its name from.

Arts_and_Crafts_Furniture

The Arts & Crafts Society

 

 

 

It is during this exhibition that the arts and craft society made their notions clear to the public that they are fed up of seeing mass produced products that came about due to the industrial revolution replacing the fine and well crafted products that us to be made prior.  The arts and crafts movement encouraged designers to explore and experiment with new materials to create new interesting innovations in the market. The majority of the society was not against the industrial revolution but they only wished it was controlled and mastered to create better quality things that could be available to the masses.

As William Morris once said “We do not reject the machine, we welcome it. But we would desire to see it mastered.”

William Morris

William Morris

 

William Morris is one of the most influential members of the society and once can argue he is the father of the movement. Born in 1843 and died in 1896 he was a philosopher, political theorist, artist and designer.  He had also created the company Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co provides a wide variety of crafted 19th centaury products from furniture to wallpaper.

 

A William Morris design lounge chair recreation

A William Morris design lounge chair recreation

 

The company is still around today and is still producing items for home owners particularly clients that desire recreations of William Morris’s original products.

The arts and crafts movement saw the human time period of the middle ages as being ideal social condition. They wanted to bring back the love that a craftsman us to put into his products when making them for his clients.

Due to the net reduction of cost to produce products in mass production they were much cheaper than hand crafted products. This is something William Morris wanted to change but unfortunately his dream never came true.

It is thanks to the arts and crafts movement and all its participants that later on Gordon Russell and Ambrose Heal created a campaign to include arts and crafts principles in industrial design for better mass production.

The arts and crafts movement is made up from a number of artistic styles including Japanisme, Gothic, neo Georgian and Art Neveau.

 

The arts and crafts movement had a revival in the late 1960’s when Habitat and Liberty & Co reproduced William Morris’s designs since some of them became public domain.

My personal view of the movement is one of respect since we to this very day make use of the principles created by the arts and crafts society. As a design student I am familiar with creating things by hand and investigating mass produced items where you can truly visualise what Morris and the others wanted to explain to the public. I apply the notions to almost all my works and make sure they appeal to my target audience while being practical.

 

Bibliography:

Guy Julier, 1993. The Thames and Hudson Encyclopedia of 20th Century Design and Designers (World of Art). Edition. Thames & Hudson.
The Original Morris & Co – Arts and crafts, fabrics and wallpaper designs by William Morris & Company | Home – a premier destination for inspirational design | British/UK Fabrics and Wallpapers. 2015. The Original Morris & Co – Arts and crafts, fabrics and wallpaper designs by William Morris & Company | Home – a premier destination for inspirational design | British/UK Fabrics and Wallpapers. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.william-morris.co.uk/. [Accessed 16 February 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/graphic_designers/william_morris/Morris.jpg. [Accessed 16 February 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.williammorristile.com/morris_life/morris_chair.jpg. [Accessed 16 February 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://file.walagata.com/w/horizoncustomhomes/Arts_and_Crafts_Furniture.JPG. [Accessed 16 February 2015].
Arts and Crafts: Design in a Nutshell (2/6) – YouTube. 2015. Arts and Crafts: Design in a Nutshell (2/6) – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBq73yxha0o. [Accessed 16 February 2015].

Streamlining

Effects of streamlining a vehicle

Effects of streamlining a vehicle

 

Streamlining also known as Streamline moderne and art moderne was and still is an important innovation in the way we design the exterior of our products and vehicles.

It first started to be extensively used in the 1930’s when the world was going through the great depression caused by World War II. Streamlining was all about removing or at least reducing the excessive decoration and ornamentation on objects just like the constructivists making the constructivists a great inspiration for the movement. Their goal was to make them more economic and simple in appearance, the world was already used to art deco before the arrival of streamlining.

 

My view on this style is mixed, I can understand the their excitement for innovation and improvement for more efficient modes of transport but I can no help but feel like the industrial designers of the time capitalized on the style incorporating it on products that don’t make use of its hydrodynamic and aerodynamic properties to make more sales. Personally I like the horizontal orientated forms and linier/tear drop shapes that are iconic in this style. I incorporate the principals of streamlining to all my moving concepts and prototypes to reduce their drag and increase efficiency.

 

Streamlined push scooter

Streamlined push scooter

 

                                                                 streamlined powered scooter

streamlined powered scooter

 

An industrial designer that could be called the father and inspiration of the movement is Raymond Loewy who was born in Paris, France in 1893 and died in 1986 in Monte Carlo.

 

Raymond Loewy

Raymond Loewy

 

Most of Raymond Loewy’s work was done in America and is where he designed most of iconic streamlined designs since it caught on the most there, the most iconic ones are the swiped back streamlined trains he did for the rail road companies across America.

 

Raymond Loewy streamlined steam powered train

Raymond Loewy streamlined steam powered train

 

One can notice the teardrop shape, also known as Streamline Modern. This makes them have an aesthetically elongated, horizontal shape. The designs make use of rounded edges which do not obstruct airflow. Corner windows were also fitted for the same reason. Some other features of Streamlining are the glass brick walls, porthole windows and chrome hardware., horizontal grooves or lines in walls. Automotives had smooth exterior surfaces and flat roof with coping.

Colours used at the time where subdued, base colours were typically light earth stones. Off-whites, or beiges where generally preferred. On the other hand trim colours where typically dark colours or bright metals to contrast from the light base.

All these different elements create a very hydrodynamic and aerodynamic shape that can easy pass through water or air with minimal friction or drag which makes the design work more efficiently.

 

Streamlined chair

Streamlined chair

 

This design is still popular for the fact that it is both practical and aesthetically pleasing. Some objects such as the chair above are still designed with a streamline aesthetic but they do not offer any functional advantages, which in my opinion looses the purpose of streamlining an item.

 

 

Bibliography:

Guy Julier, 1993. The Thames and Hudson Encyclopedia of 20th Century Design and Designers (World of Art). Edition. Thames & Hudson.

Charlotte & Peter Fiell, 2012. Design of the 20th Century (25). Edition. Taschen.

Streamlined | Streamline Design HD – YouTube. 2015. Streamlined | Streamline Design HD – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nLQFYL9SNU. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Streamline Moderne – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Streamline Moderne – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Raymond Loewy – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Raymond Loewy – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Loewy. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

VTV Classics (r3): American Streamlined Design (2008) – YouTube. 2015.VTV Classics (r3): American Streamlined Design (2008) – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5YpdRJuEek. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Norman Bel Geddes – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Norman Bel Geddes – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Bel_Geddes. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Guy Julier, 1993. The Thames and Hudson Encyclopedia of 20th Century Design and Designers (World of Art). Edition. Thames & Hudson.

Norman Bel Geddes: I Have Seen The Future | Museum of the City of New York. 2015. Norman Bel Geddes: I Have Seen The Future | Museum of the City of New York. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mcny.org/content/i-have-seen-the-future. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Florida Memory – Portrait of Ringling Circus employee Norman Bel Geddes.. 2015. Florida Memory – Portrait of Ringling Circus employee Norman Bel Geddes.. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/245060. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Raymond Loewy, The Man Who Made The 20th Century Beautiful | Gizmodo Australia. 2015. Raymond Loewy, The Man Who Made The 20th Century Beautiful | Gizmodo Australia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2013/11/raymond-loewy-the-man-who-made-the-20th-century-beautiful/. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Raymond Loewy – Kustomrama. 2015. Raymond Loewy – Kustomrama. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.kustomrama.com/index.php?title=Raymond_Loewy. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Streamlining a car. 2015. Streamlining a car. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.carbasics-1950.com/streamlining-car.htm. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

American Streamlined Design Exhibition. 2015. American Streamlined Design Exhibition. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.designaddict.com/blog/2011/01/27/American-Streamlined-Design-Exhibition. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

American Streamlined Design: The World of Tomorrow Now Open at Philbrook | Tasha Does Tulsa. 2015. American Streamlined Design: The World of Tomorrow Now Open at Philbrook | Tasha Does Tulsa. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.tashadoestulsa.com/2011/02/american-streamlined-design-philbrook-museum/. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Ed Youngblood’s Motohistory | News | April 2010. 2015. Ed Youngblood’s Motohistory | News | April 2010. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.motohistory.net/news2010/news-apr10.html. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Streamliners – PistonHeads . 2015. Streamliners – PistonHeads . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.pistonheads.com/gassing/topic.asp?f=141&h=&t=158664. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.jarrodlim.com/Images/ProductImages/streamline.jpg. [Accessed 30 January 2015].

Gothic Design

Gothic construction

Gothic construction

 

This is a genre of medieval art that originated in France after the Romanesque period in the mid-12th century but flourished in Briton and is mostly known for its high cathedrals. The end of the Medieval Gothic period is characterized by King Henry the 8th’s English reaffirmation declaring himself the head of the church.

 

 

The Catholic population saw these great cathedrals as place of worship and inspiration. The cathedrals where decorated with biblical depictions for those who could not read therefore illiterate, this way they too could follow  and contemplate on the word of God. Some of these visual depictions consisted of illustrated manuscripts and the stain glass windows which where the next best thing equivalent to today’s cinemas.

 

Gothic cathedral

Gothic cathedral

 

They were built by skilled stone mansions of the time experimenting and learning as they build ever more daring designs architecture. At the time Cathedrals where constructed to have high vaults which symbolized and empowered the word of God and how important the house of God should be considered.

Europe was undergoing big changes and problems such as assassinations of royalty and cardinals, civil uprisings and the black plague.

The Gothic style is characterized by tall, high columns, foliage capitals that lead on to the pointed arches and ribbed vaults that create such impressive high ceilings with central towers with spires. These elements together make the cathedrals look majestic, dignified but still attain very human looks and emotions which make them more approachable.

Flying buttresses where created to take away the pressure of the high vaulted ceilings and transfer it directly to the ground without abstracting the light coming through the large windows.

The walls where adorned with stained glass windows that bathed the interior with coloured light, which was associated with divine light as light was closely associated with God. So from this understanding they recreated the design of the cathedrals to be bathed in light. The rose window was a massive stained glass work of art which was positioned on the western facade.

 

Louis Comfort Tiffany

Louis Comfort Tiffany

Louis Comfort Tiffany - Stained glass lamps

Louis Comfort Tiffany – Stained glass lamps

Stained glass came out of the churches and found its way into the household. This was done by rethinking and re purposing the design applications of stained glass onto products that make use of light in one way or another from lamps to changing room screens. Although they no longer depict biblical scenes they still make use of rich colours and patterns.

 

Gothic styled candle holder

Gothic styled candle holder

 

Stained glass came out of the churches and found its way into the household. This was done by rethinking and re purposing the design applications of stained glass onto products that make use of light in one way or another from lamps to changing room screens. Although they no longer depict biblical scenes they still make use of rich colours and patterns.

 

Bibliography :

Ryan K. Smith, 2006. Gothic Arches, Latin Crosses: Anti-Catholicism and American Church Designs in the Nineteenth Century. annotated edition Edition. The University of North Carolina Press.

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://smarthistory.edublogs.org/files/2013/03/Awesome-Gothic-Architecture-Characteristics-t9ewie.jpg. [Accessed 30 January 2015].

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/gothic-architecture-window-23994972.jpg. [Accessed 30 January 2015]. . 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.polyvore.com/cgi/img-thing?.out=jpg&size=l&tid=4537525. [Accessed 30 January 2015].

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.smashingstainedglass.com/image_manager/attributes/image/image_5/41664372_9470412.jpg. [Accessed 15 February 2015].

 

Pop Art

Pop Art in Design

 

 

chart_pop_art

 

This was an art movement that was happening during the end of the 1950s till 1960s. Its roots are in England and later on it spread to the United States of America. It forms part of the contemporary art movement. This style was done do break down the boundaries, between art and design and fine arts. By trying to break down the boundaries between high and low art and design. It was also used to bring together the gallery and the street. It is a form of design which is easily understandable and accessible, so that everyone can enjoy it and experience it. It was a movement that focused on what was new at the time and made it about the culture of the time.

This movement took place during the age of the consumer society. The youth and pop music were also a very influential for this movement. This art movement was considered to be very fashionable, which made it very popular.

 

 

Pop design inspired furniture

Pop design inspired furniture

 

Pop art was found repetitively in the mass media, magazines, comics, and comic strips in newspapers, advertisements, music albums such as the ones for the Beetles (Yellow submarine) and Elvis albums. It was also found in common consumer products such as cereal boxes.

Comic art included violent action and sentimental love. The illustrations consist of flat two dimensional drawings, simplified with a limited range of tones and colours. Bold black lines are used to outline everything in the illustrations. The skin of the characters was done by utilizing a cheap printing process which creates spread dots, which from a far the eyes merge the white background and the red dots giving a mid-tone effect.

During this period we can see pop comic design transferring into multiple furniture designs giving it a very playful and creative look. So automatically it also influenced interior design on a whole where all the elements found in pop art could intermingle creating a very vibrant and joyful space.

 

24

Pop design inspired interior design.

 

 

Pop design inspired interior design.

Pop design inspired interior design.

 

An important artist of the time was Andy Warhol. Andy Warhol was a very ambitious artist. He started from nothing and gradually escalated to the artist we recognize today. He made use of several media during his artistic career, some of which include drawing, silkscreen printing, commercial illustrator, photography, installations and he also experimented with film, as he has recordings of the Empire state building.

Keith Herrin also had part in this style. His work was colorful, formed out symbols and icons. He started by painting on subway billboards that where covered over in black. His work would suddenly turn up overnight for passersby to admire much like Banksy’s sneaky works. Much like Banksy he also did his works about social causes. Till the day he died of aids he continued to produce works. Ironically before he got Aids he did works about the disease and after he contacted the disease himself he got more aware of the disease and helped with endorsements for the research to combat Aids.

 

Pop Art inspired kiss chair

Pop Art inspired kiss chair

 

Pop art as art has an ever growing fan base making all pop art inspired 3D design highly desirable. Pop art furniture can be recognized almost immediately by their unconventional shape and bright colours. I would like to incorporate more pop art features in my wood works.

 

 

Bibliography:

Bradford Collins, 2012. Pop Art (Art and Ideas). Edition. Phaidon Press.
Guy Julier, 1993. The Thames and Hudson Encyclopedia of 20th Century Design and Designers (World of Art). Edition. Thames & Hudson.
Charlotte & Peter Fiell, 2012. Design of the 20th Century (25). Edition. Taschen.
POP ART AND PRODUCT DESIGN. 2015. POP ART AND PRODUCT DESIGN. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.technologystudent.com/prddes1/popart2a.html. [Accessed 30 January 2015].
Introduction to Pop Art – YouTube. 2015. Introduction to Pop Art – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IxcJsXyWtQ. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.architectureartdesigns.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Fotor0721163353.jpg. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
  1. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ideasforinterior.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/24.jpg. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ee/a9/58/eea958fd15dbe563c92b08a200e9235a.jpg. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
Pop Art Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. 2015. Pop Art Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.theartstory.org/movement-pop-art.htm. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

Postmodernism

Postmodernism is a reaction to the modernism movement. The new movement took place in 1972. To understand better Post modernism one has to look back to the Modern movement and find out why this reaction took place. Modern art and design revolved around set regulations & scientific facts which were designed to improve life in general. This was done to forge a better world but this was going to be challenged by the postmodern movement.

 

Open_Minded_by_Murimus

 

 

Postmodernists challenged modernist’s notions. They were open minded and where not afraid to ask why & how? They challenged politics, creativity and philosophy. Postmodernists also took a stance on things such as women versus men and good versus evil. This was done to break down barriers, barriers that were never challenged or pushed. They looked at things that were considered to be the norm, which were questioned as they do not apply to everyone. Postmodernists fought hard for equality. They felt the duty to intervene and open our eyes so that we keep on updating ourselves and not be stuck in the past. To do this they adapted to each and every time, space and culture.

Art and design in this period made use of more liberating, creative, dynamic, quirky and unusual works. This was a reaction to the ‘ less is more’ motto of the Modernists. Collage, chance, anarchy, multimedia and repetition where all artistic forms found in the postmodern movement. Artists and designers alike made their audience reflect on the work. One can say that postmodern art and design was used as a trigger for questions.

 

Postmodern design furniture

Postmodern design furniture

 

Critiques though argued that the style of design of this period was too excessive. The works was said to have too much unnecessary add-ons. They were also critiqued on the fact that they recycled material from previous styles even though they gave it a new meaning, we can see this happening a lot now as things are even more being labelled as ‘retro’.

 

Multiple styles of storage furniture in one

Multiple styles of storage furniture in one

 

Some critiques now as well as artists and designers still debate on whether we are still part of the postmodern movement. I can understand how some may think that we still are in this period, as we are still fighting to break down barriers on social statuses, fighting for gender equality, breaking down of racial boundaries and much more.

 

Apple’s iconic desktop computer

Apple’s iconic desktop computer

 

We are currently going through postmodernism with a great inventive attitude in design by reviving multiple art movements and educated working with that information to produce good works of design catering for the Earth’s population. I am automatically implementing this art movement to myself since I have to research other previous art movements.

 

 

Bibliography:

Christopher Butler, 2003. Postmodernism: A Very Short Introduction. Edition. Oxford University Press.

Guy Julier, 1993. The Thames and Hudson Encyclopedia of 20th Century Design and Designers (World of Art). Edition. Thames & Hudson.

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/15/flashcards/4848015/jpg/product-145B92DCE061A83AF62.jpg. [Accessed 30 January 2015].

Postmodernism: Design in a Nutshell (6/6) – YouTube. 2015.Postmodernism: Design in a Nutshell (6/6) – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKomOqYU4Mw. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

What is Modernism/Postmodernism? – YouTube. 2015. What is Modernism/Postmodernism? – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ehh1b6kNWA. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

Post-Modernism – YouTube. 2015. Post-Modernism – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DO_gaxFIRXw. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

Postmodernism – Postmodern Worldview – YouTube. 2015. Postmodernism – Postmodern Worldview – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynMS0g6zu5E. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://wewastetime.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/fractured.jpg. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://th04.deviantart.net/fs38/300W/i/2008/319/3/e/Open_Minded_by_Murimus.jpg. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

 

Roman Design

Rome has conquered throughout centuries with great might. With each emperor came new discoveries and new innovations, with which Rome rose to be one of the greatest civilisations on Earth. Each emperor left a legacy behind, with which we can decode through the many remains that can be found everywhere in, around and under Rome.

 

Roman Empire

Roman Empire

 

Rome was a thriving city with one million inhabitants. One factor which contributed to such a large population in one concentrated area was water. Water for many years was brought up from a neighbouring river but as the population grew the river got more and more contaminated which resulted in a catastrophe. Emperor Augustus knew that there are sources of fresh water outside Rome and wanted to devise a pan how he can bring it to the city. This is where the aqueducts where designed and built. The aqueducts where built in a series of arches from the source and gradually the arches where reduced to create a gradual decline all the way to Rome, this was done so gravity will carry the water where it is needed. When they were completed water was plentiful to all who lived in Rome.

 

Augustus-R

Emperor Augustus

Emperor Nero

Emperor Augustus, Emperor Nero

 

Another discovery in the rein of emperor Nero was concrete, which nowadays we take it fore-granted and use it for everything; from architecture to sculpture, etc… Before concrete was discovered Romans used to use mortar and brick to build. Mortar was made out of sand, which did not give much rigidity. After the great fire of Rome, were seventy percent of buildings where eradicated by fire, a lot of debris has been left which had to be cleared away. This is when builders through experimentation and luck mixed the debris in the mortar and created a very strong substance which got known as concrete. Builders continued to experiment with this material and found out if one mixes lava rock it would make premium concrete.

 

Contemporary Concrete furniture

Contemporary Concrete furniture

 

We currently make use of concrete in a wide variety of applications from constructions to product design, a good example of which are the outdoor concrete benches and table seen above.

 

Upon discovery the emperor was delighted and created new monuments with this material. One of the great structures that still stands today, and which used extensive amount of concrete is the Pantheon.

The Pantheon is made out of a drum and dome. The entrance has a resemblance to the Parthenon. The Pantheon is a great feat of engineering from the bottom to the top but the true marvel of this architecture is the dome. It was constructed out of non reinforced concrete. To prevent from the dome to cave in as they built it the lightened the mixture of the concrete. Some say that the Pantheon was a test to haw far the Roman engineering could go as from the front one can see a second triangular mark which should suggest the original ceiling height, which some scholars argue that this is evidence that the building was finished in a hurry and did not meet its original plans.

 

Pantheon

Pantheon

 

Rome is an ever-changing city. To this day deconstruction and reconstruction play a major fact in the cities development. It has also served as a model for future engineers that saw Rome as a true inspiration and continued to further their discoveries through the centuries.

 

Roman inspired faucet
Roman inspired faucet

 

A rendered stainless steel faucet designed from inspirational forms and curves from past Roman designs in columns and buildings.

 

The Romans used their open minded approach to solve problems that previously were not even considered problems because they had not known solution. I can adopt the same approach when designing products that could have problems that need an innovative solution.

 

Bibliography:

The Story of Roman Empire (Full BBC documentary) – YouTube. 2015. The Story of Roman Empire (Full BBC documentary) – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h61BZ-O9Wuo. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/th/aplus/moen-T943-main-nickel-lg.jpg. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://cdn.monolithic.org/vault/img/2011/05/10/4dc92b78c29e068473000a5b/large_pantheon18192o.jpg. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Amphi-Rome.PNG. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Nero_1.JPG. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://qatada.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/cement-modern-patio-furniture-photograph.jpg. [Accessed 15 February 2015].

Cubism

chart_cubism

 

Cubism was a very influential movement. It leads the way for Futurism, Constructivism, Dada and Surrealism. Though at the beginning it was heavily critiqued as it was still too ‘new’ for the time. But this is exactly what the artists and designers of the time wanted to do. They wanted to deviate from what was depicted at the time.

The artist felt that for modern times there has to be modern designs, as this was an age of discovery and innovation and design was not going to be left behind. At the time photography was steeling the spotlight from painting so artists wanted to revitalize art and design.

Cubist art is identified by its flatness. Even when depicting a three dimensional object it was portrayed as a two dimensional item in the painting. To make up for the flatness artists depicted the scenes from multiple angles at once. Another feature of this movement is that they were simplified and reduced to simple geometric shapes, (circles, rectangles, squares and triangles). The constant use of geometric forms lead to the movement’s name.

 

Pavel Janák is a Czech citizen. He was a modernist architect, furniture designer, town planner, professor and theoretician. He was born on the 12th of March 1881 in Prague and died on August the 1st 1956 in Prague. He had an active whole in the cubist movement from a design perspective.

Pavel Janák

Pavel Janák

 

Chair by Pavel Janák

Chair by Pavel Janák

 

1273914245

Light fixtures

Light fixtures designed by contemporary designers

Because at the time this style of design was so new and opposing other current traditions it took a while to settle in. It was viewed as scandalous, surprising, curious, shocking and also interesting in its own right. Gradually it got accepted and is still known to this day as the first modern style. Products made in this style showed a unique and interesting when compared to any style that came before it, the light fixtures are seen as unusual to contemporary society so one can only imagine how strange this style was without any previous exposure.

 

Cubistic cutlery

Cubistic cutlery

 

Cubist design is sought after when designing a modern styled home. Its angled fixtures and plane surfaces keep the place looking clean and crisp. Many other uses of cubist inspiration are still being used to this very day such as  cutlery as seen in the picture above. These forms are visually interesting making it wise for me to incorporate geometric forms in my works to attract artistic attraction.

 

Bibliography:

Guy Julier, 1993. The Thames and Hudson Encyclopedia of 20th Century Design and Designers (World of Art). Edition. Thames & Hudson.

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.solaswiss.sk/images/gallery/_900x600/Cubism_web_rv.jpg. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

 

Pablo Picasso Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works | The Art Story. 2015.Pablo Picasso Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works | The Art Story. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.theartstory.org/artist-picasso-pablo.htm. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Cubism – YouTube. 2015. Cubism – YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSZMlfm1Ln0. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Cubism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. 2015. Cubism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.theartstory.org/movement-cubism.htm. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.designlover.eu/images/1272480359.jpg. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

cubiCZmus | WAGNER:WERK – MUSEUM POSTSPARKASSE. 2015.cubiCZmus | WAGNER:WERK – MUSEUM POSTSPARKASSE. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.ottowagner.com/sonderausstellung/archiv/2009/cubiczmus/. [Accessed 15 February 2015].

Ir-rizultat ghat-tfittxija ta’ stampi permezz ta’ Google ghal http://img.geocaching.com/cache/large/99728dea-fb0c-4c98-83e0-de0ebe014cda.jpg. 2015. Ir-rizultat ghat-tfittxija ta’ stampi permezz ta’ Google ghal http://img.geocaching.com/cache/large/99728dea-fb0c-4c98-83e0-de0ebe014cda.jpg. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.google.com.mt/imgres?imgurl=http://img.geocaching.com/cache/large/99728dea-fb0c-4c98-83e0-de0ebe014cda.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid%3D69a5906f-c229-487d-8e8d-a2c0e28766ad&h=231&w=168&tbnid=RFuP_66Jsa_VgM:&zoom=1&tbnh=186&tbnw=135&usg=__kg2lJNPaE157EOd_RUOheZjCHsQ=&docid=U2b_c3CBNNrpTM&itg=1. [Accessed 15 February 2015].

Baroque

Baroque art came out of the necessity to bring back Christian followers. In the mid 1500s the Catholic Church realised that many people where converting to other religions. At the Council of Trent propositions where posed, to find a solution to this problem.

 

My first impressions of Baroque are that they are rich in extravagant design details on the architecture and interiors involved this can be seen from the bottom up.  The materials used are expensive and of the highest quality. Pure high end materials such as ivory, granite, marble and rare hard words to mention but a few are used in combination with the colour of wealth that is gold. The lavish use of materials and designs creates an elegant ambiance one that reflects the social status of the occupants.

 

Baroque-Design-Carved-Living-Room-Sofa-Set

Baroque furniture design

antique-baroque-furniture

Baroque furniture design

 

Artists which fall under the Baroque style are Rembrandt which was considered a master of this time, Caravaggio, Vermeer, Velasquez and Hassan.

 

Baroque Architecture

Baroque Architecture

Baroque Architecture

Baroque Architecture

 

In the late years of Baroque, the Rococo (late Baroque) style starts to emerge as the artists started to depict softer scenes that where considered more elegant and censored unlike the brutal and dramatic scenes of the Baroque period. This was done as the artists sought for change as the pendulum swung to the other side, which reviled a softer and brighter side of painting.

 

Baroque jewellery

Baroque jewellery

 

Baroque design is much like Art Deco where the visuals of the end product are saturated with features and decorations. We can see Baroque influences mostly in fine high end limited consumer products  such as jewellery and furniture. I could incorporate the high level of decoration in some of my small works.

 

Bibliography:

Gauvin Alexander Bailey, 2012. Baroque & Rococo (Art & Ideas). Edition. Phaidon Press.
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://viola.bz/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/1.-Necklace.-About-1670.-Gold-emeralds-diamonds-enamel.-Victoria-and-Albert-Museum-London.jpg. [Accessed 16 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Nero_1.JPG. [Accessed 16 January 2015].
  1. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Council_of_Trent.JPG. [Accessed 16 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://webartacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/The-Incredulity-of-Saint-Thomas-by-Caravaggio_chiaroscuro_web-art-academy.jpg. [Accessed 16 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mackdmc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/antique-baroque-furniture.jpg. [Accessed 16 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/St-Anne_church_Krakow_003.JPG. [Accessed 16 January 2015].
. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lecce_particolari_facciata.jpg/640px-Lecce_particolari_facciata.jpg. [Accessed 16 January 2015].